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Oil Paintings
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Albrecht Durer
b.May 21, 1471, Imperial Free City of Nernberg [Germany]
d.April 6, 1528, Nernberg
Albrecht Durer (May 21, 1471 ?C April 6, 1528) was a German painter, printmaker and theorist from Nuremberg. His still-famous works include the Apocalypse woodcuts, Knight, Death, and the Devil (1513), Saint Jerome in his Study (1514) and Melencolia I (1514), which has been the subject of extensive analysis and interpretation. His watercolours mark him as one of the first European landscape artists, while his ambitious woodcuts revolutionized the potential of that medium. D??rer introduction of classical motifs into Northern art, through his knowledge of Italian artists and German humanists, have secured his reputation as one of the most important figures of the Northern Renaissance. This is reinforced by his theoretical treatise which involve principles of mathematics, perspective and ideal proportions.
His prints established his reputation across Europe when he was still in his twenties, and he has been conventionally regarded as the greatest artist of the Renaissance in Northern Europe ever since. |
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Albrecht Durer
The Women's Bath
1496 Pen, 231 x 226 mm Kunsthalle, Bremen Weak in its perspective and not yet quite clear in its representation of forms, this drawing nevertheless possesses significant qualities: a strong feeling for corporeality and for rich configuration. Form is suggested by light, jumping strokes of the pen, with the vagueness typical of the early period. A painterly effect is sought in the darkness of the wall and ceiling, in which the grain of the wood is disproportionately emphasized, as in the art of the primitives.Artist:D?RER, Albrecht Title: The Women's Bath Painted in 1501-1550 , German - - graphics : study
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Albrecht Durer
Design of a Goblet with a Variant of the Base
1515 Pen, 256 x 167 mm British Museum, LondonArtist:D?RER, Albrecht Title: Design of a Goblet with a Variant of the Base Painted in 1501-1550 , German - - graphics : other
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Albrecht Durer
Head of an Apostle Looking Upward
1508 Brush drawing with white highlights on a dark ground, 288 x 207 mm Staatliche Museen, Berlin Study for the Heller Altar. The modern mistrust of any calligraphy in drawing should not be allowed to blind the viewer to the new psychological greatness that such figures introduce into German art.Artist:D?RER, Albrecht Title: Head of an Apostle Looking Upward Painted in 1501-1550 , German - - graphics : study
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Albrecht Durer
Sebastian Brant
1520 Silverpoint on paper, 194 x 147 mm Staatliche Museen, Berlin The silver point drawing presumably contains a portrait of the Basle legal scholar and humanist Sebastian Brant, created during the journey to the Netherlands. Brant, who had been D?rer's sponsor and client during his stay in Basle, was staying in the Netherlands at the same time as the artist in order to represent the city of Strasbourg at the court of Emperor Charles V. Seen in a three-quarter profile looking to the right, he appears to us as a critical, older gentleman. Though his arms and hands are only sketched in, D?rer concentrated particularly on creating a natural depiction of the face. In about 1520, when the portrait must have been produced, Brant had already gained international fame through his moralizing and satirizing poetic work, the Ship of Fools.Artist:D?RER, Albrecht Title: Sebastian Brant (?) Painted in 1501-1550 , German - - graphics : portrait
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Albrecht Durer
Study of a Man with a Drill
1496 Pen and ink on paper, 251 x 151 mm Mus?e Bonnat, Bayonne This is a study for the lower right panel of The Seven Sorrows of the Virgin (Gem?ldegalerie, Dresden). The panel depicts the Nailing to the Cross, where a man in the centre is drilling a hole in the Cross.Artist:D?RER, Albrecht Title: Study of a Man with a Drill Painted in 1501-1550 , German - - graphics : study
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Albrecht Durer
Six Goblets - Pen
200 x 285 mm Bibliothek, Dresden The legend reads: "morgen will ich ir mer machn" (tomorrow I shall make more of them). Individual Italian motifs are mingled with the German late Gothic style.Artist:D?RER, Albrecht Title: Six Goblets Painted in 1501-1550 , German - - graphics : other
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Albrecht Durer
Head of a Negro
1508 Charcoal, 320 x 218 mm Graphische Sammlung Albertina, Vienna This study was done in Nuremberg. A Negro always figured in scenes of the Adoration of the Wise Men. This drawing is parallel in time with the studies for the Heller Altar; in comparison with them it has a special freshness.Artist:D?RER, Albrecht Title: Head of a Negro Painted in 1501-1550 , German - - graphics : study
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Albrecht Durer
Nuremberg and Venetian Women
1496-97 Pen drawing on paper, 241 x 160 mm St?delsches Kunstinstitut, Frankfurt This pen drawing is an eloquent example of D?rer's interest in costumes, which he here places side by side comparatively. The two women, one from Nuremberg and one from Venice, appear as if they were taking a stroll together in Venice. The lavish ornamentation and low neckline of the liberal, pretty Venetian costume contrasts with the modest, simple dress of the Nuremberg woman.Artist:D?RER, Albrecht Title: Nuremberg and Venetian Women Painted in 1501-1550 , German - - graphics : other
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Albrecht Durer
Alliance Coat of Arms
1490 Oil on panel, 47 x 39 cm Galleria degli Uffizi, Florence The picture shows the rear view of the Portrait of Albrecht D?rer the Elder. The painted variant on the alliance coat of arms of the D?rer and Holper families, a so-called speaking coat of arms, is also depicted in a woodcut dating from 1523. It forms the back side of D?rer's first portrait of his father in 1490. The family's coat of arms depicts an open barn door on the left, which was presumably a symbol of the family name. The name means the same as "T?rer," the German translation of "Ajto" (door), their place of origin Ajtos near Gyula, the capital of the B?k?s district.Artist:D?RER, Albrecht Title: Alliance Coat of Arms of the D?rer and Holper Families Painted in 1501-1550 , German - - painting : other
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Albrecht Durer
Feast of the Rose Garlands
1506 Oil on poplar panel National Gallery, Prague The Feast of the Rose Garlands is undoubtedly the most important work that D?rer created during his sojourn in Venice and was the work that ushered in the Renaissance. D?rer was obviously aware of this, as his letters and the painting itself demonstrate. The painting shows this in the distinction he gives his self-portrait: in the top right, in front of the typically German landscape passage at the foot of the mountains, with his face framed by long blond hair, donning luxurious clothes - even a precious fur cloak, in spite of the warm season - so as to be noticed among the other characters. He alone has ostentatiously turned his gaze to the spectator. Even the writing on the paper he holds is unusual for Italy. It indicates not only the time of production (five months), but next to his own name is the indication germanus. This detail was to distinguish himself from his Venetian colleagues, who evidently held him in very high regard, since even the doge and the patriarch came to his workshop to admire his work. The artist's companion is likely to be Leonhard Vilt, founder of the Brotherhood of the Rosary in Venice. The man in the far right, recognizable by the square he holds, is the architect Hieronymus of Augsburg, engineer of the new Fondaco dei Tedeschi (1505-8) after it was completely destroyed in a fire. Inscription on the sheet in the artist's hand, monogrammed and autograph writing: EXEGIT QUINQUE MESTRI SPATIO ALBERTUS DURER GERMANUS MDVI. (`Albrecht D?rer, a German, produced it within the span of five months. 1506.')Artist:D?RER, Albrecht Title: Feast of the Rose Garlands (detail) Painted in 1501-1550 , German - - painting : religious
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Albrecht Durer
Feast of the Rose Garlands
1506 Oil on poplar panel National Gallery, Prague The detail shows the artist's self-portrait in front of ae typically German landscape.Artist:D?RER, Albrecht Title: Feast of the Rose Garlands (detail) Painted in 1501-1550 , German - - painting : religious
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Albrecht Durer
Self-portrait at 22
1493 Oil on linen, transferred from vellum, 57 x 45 cm Mus?e du Louvre, Paris This is D?rer's first painted self portrait, dated 1493. It is the earliest known self portrait in European art produced as an independent painting (although earlier artists had sometimes portrayed themselves among figures in an altarpiece or fresco). A sketched self portrait, dated 1493 on the reverse, could well have been an early study for the oil painting. D?rer completed the oil painting towards the end of his travels as a journeyman, almost certainly in Strasbourg. It was originally on vellum, which would have made it relatively simple to transport, and this suggests that it might well have been sent back to Nuremberg. D?rer inscribed at the top of the self portrait: `Things with me fare as ordained from above', a sign of his faith in God. The artist's youthful features are framed by his lanky, ginger hair, which is topped by a red tasselled cap. Beneath his grey cloak, fringed with red, he wears an elegant pleated shirt with pink ribbons. His strong nose, heart-shaped upper lip and long neck are emphasized in the painting. Using a mirror, D?rer obviously found it difficult to paint his hands and eyes, the two features which are always a challenge in a self portrait. In his rough hands, D?rer holds a sprig of sea holly, a thistle-like plant. Its German name means `man's fidelity' and this, together with the fact that the plant was sometimes regarded as an aphrodisiac, has led to speculation that the self portrait was intended as a gift for his fianc?e. While D?rer was away, his father had arranged for Agnes Frey to become his wife and they eventually married on 7 July 1494, two months after his return to Nuremberg. However, it is just as likely that the self portrait was a gift for his parents, whom he had not seen for nearly four years. One can imagine the surprise and pleasure they must have felt to receive this picture after their son's long absence. It would have been a reminder of his handsome features and further evidence of his blossoming talent.Artist:D?RER, Albrecht Title: Self-portrait at 22 Painted in 1501-1550 , German - - painting : portrait
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Albrecht Durer
Portrait of a Venetian Woman
1506-07 Oil on poplar panel, 28,5 x 21,5 cm Staatliche Museen, Berlin The painting is poorly conserved. Almost all the final layers of colour are missing. The eyes have been restored. Because of the absence of the topmost layer of colour, the painting has acquired a soft chromatic shading. Even if we know that D?rer executed it during his second sojourn in Italy, probably in the autumn of 1506 after the Feast of the Rose Garlands, workmanship seems particularly "Venetian." The refinement of the artist is clearly absent in the sketching of the hair. Some object is discernible in the curl hanging to the left. Only a few traces of the hairnet have been preserved, and the sky blue of the background, which is inexplicably divided into two sections, is probably no longer its original shade. In its original state, however, this half-bust must have been in the Venetian style, because of her full, soft shapes, delicately modeled with a measured use of light. We must count this painting among the most beautiful works D?rer produced during his second sojourn in Venice. The various attempts to identify the model - for example, as Agnes D?rer, because of the letters AD on the trimming of the clothes or the woman with her head turned in the middle right of the Feast of the Rose Garlands - have not held up to criticism. The letters are probably the initials of a motto.Artist:D?RER, Albrecht Title: Portrait of a Venetian Woman Painted in 1501-1550 , German - - painting : portrait
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Albrecht Durer
Self-Portrait at 26
1498 Oil on panel, 52 x 41 cm Museo del Prado, Madrid This self portrait is dated 1498 and inscribed: `I have thus painted myself. I was 26 years old. Albrecht D?rer.' Since the artist turned 27 on the 21 May, the picture must date from the beginning of the year. The artist's pose is self confident, showing him standing upright and turning slightly to lean his right arm on a ledge. D?rer's figure fills the picture, with his hat almost touching the top. His face and neck glow from the light streaming into the room and his long curly hair is painstakingly depicted. Unlike his earlier self portrait, he now has a proper beard, which was then unusual among young men. Nine years later D?rer wrote an ironic poem in which he described himself as `the painter with the hairy beard'. The artist's clothing is flamboyant. His elegant jacket is edged with black and beneath this he wears a white, pleated shirt, embroidered along the neckline. His jaunty hat is striped, to match the jacket. Over his left shoulder hangs a light-brown cloak, tied around his neck with a twisted cord. He wears fine kid gloves. Inside the room is a tall archway, partly framing D?rer's head, and to the right a window opens out onto an exquisite landscape. Green fields give way to a tree-ringed lake and beyond are snow-capped mountains, probably a reminder of D?rer's journey over the Alps three years earlier. Depicting a distant landscape, viewed through a window, was a device borrowed from Netherlandish portraiture. The Germans still tended to consider the artist as a craftsman, as had been the conventional view during the Middle Ages. This was bitterly unacceptable to D?rer, whose second Self-Portrait (out of three) shows him as slender and aristocratic, a haughty and foppish youth, ringletted and impassive. His stylish and expensive costume indicates, like the dramatic mountain view through the window (implying wider horizons), that he considers himself no mere limited provincial. What D?rer insists on above all else is his dignity, and this was a quality that he allowed to others too. This picture was acquired by Charles I of England and later bought by Philip IV of Spain.Artist:D?RER, Albrecht Title: Self-Portrait at 26 Painted in 1501-1550 , German - - painting : portrait
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Albrecht Durer
St Jerome in the Wilderness
1495 Oil on panel, 23 x 17 cm National Gallery, London St Jerome kneels as a penitent. In his right hand he holds the Bible, which he translated into Latin, and in his left hand the stone which he is using to beat his breast. His eyes stare upwards, beyond the small crucifix stuck into the tree trunk. Wearing a blue gown, his red mantle and cardinal's hat lie beside him on the ground. Behind is his faithful lion, befriended after he had removed a thorn from its paw. In the background is a landscape with dramatic rock formations, probably based on sketches that D?rer had made of the quarries near Nuremberg. The scene is lit by a dramatic evening sky. The reverse of the panel depicts an apocalyptic celestial phenomenon, a red star-like light and a streaking golden disc. Although some scholars have considered it to be an eclipse or meteor, it is almost certainly a comet. D?rer's image is probably derived from woodcuts of comets published in the Nuremberg Chronicle of 1493. A similar object to the one painted by D?rer appears in the sky of his engraving of Melencolia I, made 20 years later. This small panel was only recognized as a D?rer in 1956. Art historian David Carritt realized that the lion is similar to that in a gouache which D?rer painted in Venice in 1494.Artist:D?RER, Albrecht Title: St Jerome in the Wilderness Painted in 1501-1550 , German - - painting : religious
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Albrecht Durer
Virgin and Child before an Archway
1495 Oil on panel, 48 x 36 cm Magnani Collection, Mamiano near Parma Mary and the Christ Child sitting in her lap appear to be right in the foreground of a space which opens to one side onto a bordering interior courtyard. The baby reaches for his mother's hand and their eyes meet. While the Madonna still owes much to the Late Gothic German type, the Christ Child is reminiscent of Italian models. Half length figures such as this early picture of the Madonna were widespread in Italy and the Netherlands. The depiction of the space with the view to the side through an arch is reminiscent of Flemish models, but the figural conception and monumental triangular composition of the group of figures also relates to Italy, in particular to the Madonna paintings by Giovanni Bellini. The picture dates either from D?rer's visit to Venice in 1494-5 or soon afterwards in Nuremberg. It was discovered in the 1950s in the Capuchin monastery of Bagnacavallo, near Ravenna, and this suggests that it was painted in Italy where it has remained.Artist:D?RER, Albrecht Title: Virgin and Child before an Archway Painted in 1501-1550 , German - - painting : religious
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Albrecht Durer
Lot Fleeing with his Daughters from Sodom
1498 Oil and tempera on panel, 52 x 41 cm National Gallery of Art, Washington This delightfully spontaneous panel depicts Lot and his two daughters fleeing from the destruction of Sodom. In the story from Genesis, two angels warn Lot that he should escape before God destroys the city for its sins. Lot is told that his family must not look back, otherwise they will be turned into pillars of salt. In D?rer's panel, Lot leads the way, dressed in a warm fur-lined coat and a magnificent turban. He carries a basket of eggs and has a flask of wine slung over his shoulder on his stick. His two daughters follow several paces behind, one bearing a bundle on her head and the other with an elegant casket and a distaff and yarn. Far behind them, near the towering rocks, is Lot's wife, transformed into a brown pillar of salt. In the distance the town of Sodom explodes with brimstone and fire, huge columns of smoke belching up into the sky. Gomorrah, in the far distance, suffers a similar fate. This depiction of Lot's flight is not the main picture, but the reverse of a panel of the Virgin and Child. The two sides are quite different, not only in subject-matter but also in style. The Lot panel is painted in a loose, spontaneous manner, whereas the Virgin and Child is much more finely worked. However, D?rer must have intended them to be seen together. The panel was painted for the Nuremberg merchant family of Haller, whose arms appear in the bottom left corner of the panel of the Virgin. Virgin and Child at a Window was long assumed to be the work of the Venetian artist Giovanni Bellini, because of its composition and colouring. In 1934 it was identified as a D?rer, painted about three years after his return from Venice. It was bought by Baron Heinrich von Thyssen-Bornemisza, who owned it until 1950.Artist:D?RER, Albrecht Title: Lot Fleeing with his Daughters from Sodom Painted in 1501-1550 , German - - painting : religious
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Albrecht Durer
The Dresden Altarpiece
1496 Oil on canvas, 117 x 96,5 cm (central panel), 114 x 45 cm (each wing) Gem?ldegalerie, Dresden The altarpiece was commissioned by Frederick the Wise for the church of the Wittenberg Castle. The altarpiece was in the Kunstkammer in Dresden as early as 1687 which explains its name. The central panel depicts Mary adoring the Child, while the side wings represent St Anthony and St Sebastian. The central panel, displayed with the side panels in the Gem?ldegalerie, has also been attributed to D?rer in the past. However, this attribution was rejected in 1991 on solid grounds and it was attributed to a Dutch painter of the name Jan, who worked in Frederick's court.Artist:D?RER, Albrecht Title: The Dresden Altarpiece Painted in 1501-1550 , German - - painting : religious
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Albrecht Durer
The Dresden Altarpiece
1496 Oil on canvas, 117 x 96,5 cm Gem?ldegalerie, Dresden The attribution of the central panel to D?rer, displayed with the side panels in the Gem?ldegalerie, was rejected in 1991 on solid grounds and it was attributed to a Dutch painter of the name Jan, who worked in Frederick's court.Artist:D?RER, Albrecht Title: The Dresden Altarpiece (central panel) Painted in 1501-1550 , German - - painting : religious
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Albrecht Durer
The Seven Sorrows of the Virgin: The Flight into Egypt
1496 Oil on pine panel, 63 x 45,5 cm Gem?ldegalerie, Dresden The Flight into Egypt is one of seven scenes from the Life of Christ which originally surrounded the large central panel of the Mother of Sorrows. In the Gospel of St Matthew (Matt. 2, 13-14), the event is mentioned briefly, though narrated in more detail in the Apocrypha. King Herod ordered that all newborn sons should be killed once he had found out that a future king would be born in Judea. An angel conveys to Joseph God's message to leave the town. Thus the Holy Family fled to Egypt. The group of figures, with Mary riding and holding the Christ Child and Joseph leading the ass, is arranged parallel to the picture in the foreground, an arrangement which is repeated in the later woodcut in the Life of the Virgin. In the foreground the path is stony, and in the background a rocky landscape is visible. The rock is a sign of a safe place of refuge, but can also be interpreted as a mariological and christological symbol: "The stone which the builders rejected, the same is become the head of the corner" (Matt. 21, 42). Both the composition and method of painting still owe much to the Late Medieval workshop tradition.Artist:D?RER, Albrecht Title: The Seven Sorrows of the Virgin: The Flight into Egypt Painted in 1501-1550 , German - - painting : religious
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| Albrecht Durer
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b.May 21, 1471, Imperial Free City of Nernberg [Germany]
d.April 6, 1528, Nernberg
Albrecht Durer (May 21, 1471 ?C April 6, 1528) was a German painter, printmaker and theorist from Nuremberg. His still-famous works include the Apocalypse woodcuts, Knight, Death, and the Devil (1513), Saint Jerome in his Study (1514) and Melencolia I (1514), which has been the subject of extensive analysis and interpretation. His watercolours mark him as one of the first European landscape artists, while his ambitious woodcuts revolutionized the potential of that medium. D??rer introduction of classical motifs into Northern art, through his knowledge of Italian artists and German humanists, have secured his reputation as one of the most important figures of the Northern Renaissance. This is reinforced by his theoretical treatise which involve principles of mathematics, perspective and ideal proportions.
His prints established his reputation across Europe when he was still in his twenties, and he has been conventionally regarded as the greatest artist of the Renaissance in Northern Europe ever since.
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